Research has shown that certain fundamental laws of logic and mathematics are 'pre-programmed’ into an infant’s mind. This enables them to recognize there is an external reality and allows them to start reasoning and accumulating knowledge. But how can we be confident that what we think we know is true?

A theist may sometimes use a god-of-the-gaps argument when faced with a gap in our knowledge for a natural explanation for something. But if that gap begins to be filled with evidence from science, history, or logic and it increasingly points to God, a non-theist will often make a fantasy-of-the-gaps move to avoid it.